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An intermittent energy source is any source of energy that is not continuously available due to some factor outside direct control. The intermittent source may be quite predictable, for example, tidal power, but cannot be dispatched to meet the demand of a power system. Effective use of intermittent sources in an electric power grid usually relies on using the intermittent sources to displace fuel that would otherwise be consumed by non-renewable power stations, or by storing energy in the form of renewable pumped storage, compressed air or ice, or in batteries, for use when needed, or as electrode heating for district heating schemes.The storage of energy to fill the shortfall intermittency or for emergencies is part of a reliable energy supply. The capacity of a reliable renewable energy supply, can additionally be fulfilled by the use of latency measures and backup or extra infrastructure and technology, using mixed renewables to produce electricity above the intermittent average, which may be utilised to meet regular and unanticipated supply demands.(【引用サイトリンク】title=Solar and Energy Storage: A Perfect Match - Energy Storage to the Test )The penetration of intermittent renewables in most power grids is low, but wind generates roughly 16% of electric energy in Spain and Portugal,International Energy Agency (2009). ( IEA Wind Energy: Annual Report 2008 ) p. 9. 15.3% in Ireland,(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.seai.ie/Publications/Statistics_Publications/Renewable_Energy_in_Ireland/Renewable-Energy-in-Ireland-2012.pdf ) and 7% in Germany.(【引用サイトリンク】title=Wind Energy in Germany ) As of 2014 wind provides nearly 40% of the electricity generated in Denmark; 39% in 2014.Rasmussen, Jesper Nørskov. "(Vindmøller slog rekord i 2014 )" (in Danish) ''Energinet.dk'', 6 January 2015. Accessed: 6 January 2015.http://online.wsj.com/articles/denmarks-wind-power-output-rises-to-record-in-first-half-1409750563Carsten Vittrup. "(2013 was a record-setting year for Danish wind power )" (in Danish) ''Energinet.dk'', 15 January 2014. Accessed: 20 January 2014. To operate with this level of penetration, Denmark exports surpluses and imports during shortfalls to and from neighbouring countries, particularly hydroelectric power from Norway, to balance supply with demand.''Modern Power Systems'', Sept 25, 2009, Maj. Dang Trong It also uses large numbers of combined heat and power (CHP) stations which can rapidly adjust output.The use of small amounts of intermittent power has little effect on grid operations. Using larger amounts of intermittent power may require upgrades or even a redesign of the grid infrastructure.==Terminology==Nameplate capacity redirects here. Please update the redirect if you change the section heading title. -->Several key terms are useful for understanding the issue of intermittent power sources. These terms are not standardized, and variations may be used. Most of these terms also apply to traditional power plants.*Intermittency can mean the extent to which a power source is unintentionally stopped or unavailable, but intermittency is frequently used as though it were synonymous with variability.Graham Sinden, "(Assessing the Costs of Intermittent Power Generation )", UK Energy Research Centre, 5 July 2005*Variability is the extent to which a power source may exhibit undesired or uncontrolled changes in output.*Dispatchability or maneuverability is the ability of a given power source to increase and/or decrease output quickly on demand. The concept is distinct from intermittency; maneuverability is one of several ways grid operators match output (supply) to system demand.*Nominal or nameplate capacity, or maximum effect refers to the normal maximum output of a generating source. This is the most common number used and is typically expressed in megawatts (MW).*Capacity factor, average capacity factor, or load factor is the average expected output of a generator, usually over an annual period. Expressed as a percentage of the nameplate capacity or in decimal form (e.g. 30% or 0.30).*Capacity credit: generally, the amount of output from a power source that may be statistically relied upon, expressed as a percentage.*Penetration in this context is generally used to refer to the amount of energy generated as a percentage of annual consumption.(International Energy Agency Wind Task Force, "Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power" ) Oklahoma Conference Presentation, October 2006*Firm capacity the amount of power that can be guaranteed to be provided as base power*Non-firm capacity the amount of power above the firm capacity that is usually to be sold at higher price on the spot market
An intermittent energy source is any source of energy that is not continuously available due to some factor outside direct control. The intermittent source may be quite predictable, for example, tidal power, but cannot be dispatched to meet the demand of a power system. Effective use of intermittent sources in an electric power grid usually relies on using the intermittent sources to displace fuel that would otherwise be consumed by non-renewable power stations, or by storing energy in the form of renewable pumped storage, compressed air or ice, or in batteries, for use when needed, or as electrode heating for district heating schemes.
The storage of energy to fill the shortfall intermittency or for emergencies is part of a reliable energy supply. The capacity of a reliable renewable energy supply, can additionally be fulfilled by the use of latency measures and backup or extra infrastructure and technology, using mixed renewables to produce electricity above the intermittent average, which may be utilised to meet regular and unanticipated supply demands.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Solar and Energy Storage: A Perfect Match - Energy Storage to the Test )〕
The penetration of intermittent renewables in most power grids is low, but wind generates roughly 16% of electric energy in Spain and Portugal,〔International Energy Agency (2009). ( IEA Wind Energy: Annual Report 2008 ) p. 9.〕 15.3% in Ireland,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.seai.ie/Publications/Statistics_Publications/Renewable_Energy_in_Ireland/Renewable-Energy-in-Ireland-2012.pdf )〕 and 7% in Germany.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Wind Energy in Germany )〕 As of 2014 wind provides nearly 40% of the electricity generated in Denmark; 39% in 2014.〔Rasmussen, Jesper Nørskov. "(Vindmøller slog rekord i 2014 )" (in Danish) ''Energinet.dk'', 6 January 2015. Accessed: 6 January 2015.〕〔http://online.wsj.com/articles/denmarks-wind-power-output-rises-to-record-in-first-half-1409750563〕〔Carsten Vittrup. "(2013 was a record-setting year for Danish wind power )" (in Danish) ''Energinet.dk'', 15 January 2014. Accessed: 20 January 2014.〕 To operate with this level of penetration, Denmark exports surpluses and imports during shortfalls to and from neighbouring countries, particularly hydroelectric power from Norway, to balance supply with demand.〔''Modern Power Systems'', Sept 25, 2009, Maj. Dang Trong〕 It also uses large numbers of combined heat and power (CHP) stations which can rapidly adjust output.
The use of small amounts of intermittent power has little effect on grid operations. Using larger amounts of intermittent power may require upgrades or even a redesign of the grid infrastructure.
==Terminology==
Several key terms are useful for understanding the issue of intermittent power sources. These terms are not standardized, and variations may be used. Most of these terms also apply to traditional power plants.
*Intermittency can mean the extent to which a power source is unintentionally stopped or unavailable, but intermittency is frequently used as though it were synonymous with variability.〔Graham Sinden, "(Assessing the Costs of Intermittent Power Generation )", UK Energy Research Centre, 5 July 2005〕
*Variability is the extent to which a power source may exhibit undesired or uncontrolled changes in output.〔
*Dispatchability or maneuverability is the ability of a given power source to increase and/or decrease output quickly on demand. The concept is distinct from intermittency; maneuverability is one of several ways grid operators match output (supply) to system demand.〔
*Nominal or nameplate capacity, or maximum effect refers to the normal maximum output of a generating source. This is the most common number used and is typically expressed in megawatts (MW).
*Capacity factor, average capacity factor, or load factor is the average expected output of a generator, usually over an annual period. Expressed as a percentage of the nameplate capacity or in decimal form (e.g. 30% or 0.30).
*Capacity credit: generally, the amount of output from a power source that may be statistically relied upon, expressed as a percentage.
*Penetration in this context is generally used to refer to the amount of energy generated as a percentage of annual consumption.〔(International Energy Agency Wind Task Force, "Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power" ) Oklahoma Conference Presentation, October 2006〕
*Firm capacity the amount of power that can be guaranteed to be provided as base power
*Non-firm capacity the amount of power above the firm capacity that is usually to be sold at higher price on the spot market
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 Several key terms are useful for understanding the issue of intermittent power sources. These terms are not standardized, and variations may be used. Most of these terms also apply to traditional power plants.*Intermittency can mean the extent to which a power source is unintentionally stopped or unavailable, but intermittency is frequently used as though it were synonymous with variability.Graham Sinden, "(Assessing the Costs of Intermittent Power Generation )", UK Energy Research Centre, 5 July 2005*Variability is the extent to which a power source may exhibit undesired or uncontrolled changes in output.*Dispatchability or maneuverability is the ability of a given power source to increase and/or decrease output quickly on demand. The concept is distinct from intermittency; maneuverability is one of several ways grid operators match output (supply) to system demand.*Nominal or nameplate capacity, or maximum effect refers to the normal maximum output of a generating source. This is the most common number used and is typically expressed in megawatts (MW).*Capacity factor, average capacity factor, or load factor is the average expected output of a generator, usually over an annual period. Expressed as a percentage of the nameplate capacity or in decimal form (e.g. 30% or 0.30).*Capacity credit: generally, the amount of output from a power source that may be statistically relied upon, expressed as a percentage.*Penetration in this context is generally used to refer to the amount of energy generated as a percentage of annual consumption.(International Energy Agency Wind Task Force, "Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power" ) Oklahoma Conference Presentation, October 2006*Firm capacity the amount of power that can be guaranteed to be provided as base power*Non-firm capacity the amount of power above the firm capacity that is usually to be sold at higher price on the spot market">ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■Several key terms are useful for understanding the issue of intermittent power sources. These terms are not standardized, and variations may be used. Most of these terms also apply to traditional power plants.*Intermittency can mean the extent to which a power source is unintentionally stopped or unavailable, but intermittency is frequently used as though it were synonymous with variability.Graham Sinden, "(Assessing the Costs of Intermittent Power Generation )", UK Energy Research Centre, 5 July 2005*Variability is the extent to which a power source may exhibit undesired or uncontrolled changes in output.*Dispatchability or maneuverability is the ability of a given power source to increase and/or decrease output quickly on demand. The concept is distinct from intermittency; maneuverability is one of several ways grid operators match output (supply) to system demand.*Nominal or nameplate capacity, or maximum effect refers to the normal maximum output of a generating source. This is the most common number used and is typically expressed in megawatts (MW).*Capacity factor, average capacity factor, or load factor is the average expected output of a generator, usually over an annual period. Expressed as a percentage of the nameplate capacity or in decimal form (e.g. 30% or 0.30).*Capacity credit: generally, the amount of output from a power source that may be statistically relied upon, expressed as a percentage.*Penetration in this context is generally used to refer to the amount of energy generated as a percentage of annual consumption.(International Energy Agency Wind Task Force, "Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power" ) Oklahoma Conference Presentation, October 2006*Firm capacity the amount of power that can be guaranteed to be provided as base power*Non-firm capacity the amount of power above the firm capacity that is usually to be sold at higher price on the spot market">ウィキペディアで「An intermittent energy source is any source of energy that is not continuously available due to some factor outside direct control. The intermittent source may be quite predictable, for example, tidal power, but cannot be dispatched to meet the demand of a power system. Effective use of intermittent sources in an electric power grid usually relies on using the intermittent sources to displace fuel that would otherwise be consumed by non-renewable power stations, or by storing energy in the form of renewable pumped storage, compressed air or ice, or in batteries, for use when needed, or as electrode heating for district heating schemes.The storage of energy to fill the shortfall intermittency or for emergencies is part of a reliable energy supply. The capacity of a reliable renewable energy supply, can additionally be fulfilled by the use of latency measures and backup or extra infrastructure and technology, using mixed renewables to produce electricity above the intermittent average, which may be utilised to meet regular and unanticipated supply demands.(【引用サイトリンク】title=Solar and Energy Storage: A Perfect Match - Energy Storage to the Test )The penetration of intermittent renewables in most power grids is low, but wind generates roughly 16% of electric energy in Spain and Portugal,International Energy Agency (2009). ( IEA Wind Energy: Annual Report 2008 ) p. 9. 15.3% in Ireland,(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.seai.ie/Publications/Statistics_Publications/Renewable_Energy_in_Ireland/Renewable-Energy-in-Ireland-2012.pdf ) and 7% in Germany.(【引用サイトリンク】title=Wind Energy in Germany ) As of 2014 wind provides nearly 40% of the electricity generated in Denmark; 39% in 2014.Rasmussen, Jesper Nørskov. "(Vindmøller slog rekord i 2014 )" (in Danish) ''Energinet.dk'', 6 January 2015. Accessed: 6 January 2015.http://online.wsj.com/articles/denmarks-wind-power-output-rises-to-record-in-first-half-1409750563Carsten Vittrup. "(2013 was a record-setting year for Danish wind power )" (in Danish) ''Energinet.dk'', 15 January 2014. Accessed: 20 January 2014. To operate with this level of penetration, Denmark exports surpluses and imports during shortfalls to and from neighbouring countries, particularly hydroelectric power from Norway, to balance supply with demand.''Modern Power Systems'', Sept 25, 2009, Maj. Dang Trong It also uses large numbers of combined heat and power (CHP) stations which can rapidly adjust output.The use of small amounts of intermittent power has little effect on grid operations. Using larger amounts of intermittent power may require upgrades or even a redesign of the grid infrastructure.==Terminology==Nameplate capacity redirects here. Please update the redirect if you change the section heading title. -->Several key terms are useful for understanding the issue of intermittent power sources. These terms are not standardized, and variations may be used. Most of these terms also apply to traditional power plants.*Intermittency can mean the extent to which a power source is unintentionally stopped or unavailable, but intermittency is frequently used as though it were synonymous with variability.Graham Sinden, "(Assessing the Costs of Intermittent Power Generation )", UK Energy Research Centre, 5 July 2005*Variability is the extent to which a power source may exhibit undesired or uncontrolled changes in output.*Dispatchability or maneuverability is the ability of a given power source to increase and/or decrease output quickly on demand. The concept is distinct from intermittency; maneuverability is one of several ways grid operators match output (supply) to system demand.*Nominal or nameplate capacity, or maximum effect refers to the normal maximum output of a generating source. This is the most common number used and is typically expressed in megawatts (MW).*Capacity factor, average capacity factor, or load factor is the average expected output of a generator, usually over an annual period. Expressed as a percentage of the nameplate capacity or in decimal form (e.g. 30% or 0.30).*Capacity credit: generally, the amount of output from a power source that may be statistically relied upon, expressed as a percentage.*Penetration in this context is generally used to refer to the amount of energy generated as a percentage of annual consumption.(International Energy Agency Wind Task Force, "Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power" ) Oklahoma Conference Presentation, October 2006*Firm capacity the amount of power that can be guaranteed to be provided as base power*Non-firm capacity the amount of power above the firm capacity that is usually to be sold at higher price on the spot market」の詳細全文を読む
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